Cases: Muslim workers requesting special permits or special shift arrangements to facilitate observance of their fast and to save energy (labour law); Muslim adolescents wishing to observe Ramadan at school, in the family and in other social formations (family law).

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Cultural test

Legal Insights

Anthropological insights

Proposed balancing act: given its compulsoriness for the Islamic religion, the consent of those who practice it, and the absence of harm, the practice should be recognised and should be deemed to override the demands of labour productivity by affecting a fundamental constitutional right such as religious freedom. 

Bibliographic references

​Legal Bibliography 
 
 Biasi, M., & Negri, A. (2019). "Libertà religiosa e sport professionistico: il caso dei giocatori NBA osservanti il Ramadan." Variazioni su Temi di Diritto del Lavoro, numero straordinario.
De Oto, A. (2013). "Discriminazione religiosa e contratti di lavoro nell’era della liquidazione del lavoro." In Quaderni di diritto e politica ecclesiastica, Fascicolo 1, aprile.
Foblets M. C. (2013), Freedom of religion and belief in the European workplace: which way forward and what role for the European Union?, International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 13(2-3): 240–255.
INAIL Opuscolo, Perugia, giugno 2014. Consultabile in link.
Ricciardi Celsi, F. (2015). "Fattore religioso e lavoratori di religione islamica. Aspetti riguardanti la contrattazione collettiva e gli accordi sindacali." In C. Cardia & G. Dalla Torre (Eds.), Comunità islamiche. Giappichelli ed., Torino.
Seifert, A. (2009). "Country studies: Germany: Religious Expression in the Workplace: The case of the Federal Republic of Germany." Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 30, 529. 

Anthropological bibliography (recommended reading) 
 
Bowen, J. (2012). A New Anthropology of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 

In this study, John Bowen draws on a wide range of work in social anthropology to present Islam in a way that emphasises its constitutive practices, from prayer to learning, from judgement to political organisation. Bowen shows how Muslims have adapted Islamic texts and traditions to the ideas and conditions of the societies in which they live, and depicts the constitutive importance of certain practices (including Ramadan) in defining identity. It is essential reading for anyone interested in the study of Islam in the present day. 
 
 Anthropological bibliography (for more details) 
 
Asad, T. (2009). "The Idea of an Anthropology of Islam." Qui Parle, 17(2), 1-30.
Chebel, M. (2012). Il corpo nell’Islam. Roma: Argo.
Geertz, C. (2001). "The Near East in the Far East: On Islam in Indonesia." Occasional Papers of the School of Social Sciences.
Schielke, S. (2009). "Being good in Ramadan: ambivalence, fragmentation, and the moral self in the lives of young Egyptians." The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 15(1).

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